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The Moldovan capital, Chisinau, was rocked by protests earlier this month amid claims that an election which returned the Communist Party to power was rigged.
The BBC's Oana Lungescu spoke to Natalia Morar, the journalist accused of masterminding Moldova's "Twitter revolution" - so dubbed because many demonstrators were alerted to the protests by text and social networking tools.
Natalia Morar, 25, smiled broadly when I met her on Friday night in a park in central Chisinau.
"I never felt that just a walk in the park could be such a big happiness," she told me. "It feels great!"
Just hours before, she had been under house arrest. For the previous 10 days she had had no access to internet and was not allowed to talk on the phone.
"It was really terrible because I was absolutely cut off from all sources to find out what happened to my friends, who were with me in the street."
Officially charged with helping organise mass disturbances, she faces 15 years in prison, but strongly denies any involvement in the violence.
Spontaneous protest
The authorities, she says, have shown her no photos, videos or any other evidence to substantiate the charges against her.
It all started in a Chisinau cafe, when Ms Morar and a handful of friends decided to hold a peaceful protest against the Communist victory in what they thought was a rigged election.
"It just happened through Twitter, the blogosphere, the internet, SMS, websites and all this stuff. We just met, we brainstormed for 15 minutes, and decided to make a flash mob [internet-organised spontaneous public gathering]...
"In several hours, 15,000 people came out into the street."
Youth 'unhappy'
Although she was amazed by the size of the protests which started peacefully on 6 April, she thinks the reason was sheer frustration pent up in Europe's poorest country.
"None of us could imagine that such a thing could happen," Ms Morar told me, "but it shows there exists a very big protest inside society and within young people.
"Moldovan youth are not pleased with what is happening in Moldova. Liberty is a great thing for us and we don't want to live in a Soviet kind of society," she says vehemently.
The protests, which turned violent on 7 April, were dominated by young people who grew up after Moldova declared independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Thousands have studied in neighbouring Romania, an EU member, and hundreds of thousands have had to seek work abroad.
Ms Morar dismisses allegations that either Romanian or Russian secret services were behind the protests.
Two years ago, she was expelled from Russia for writing about a money-laundering scandal allegedly involving the Kremlin and Russia's security service.
Now, she tells me, she plans to quit journalism and work full-time with a youth foundation called ThinkMoldova she helped set up last year to bring democratic change to her native country.
But does she consider herself a dangerous woman? The question makes her laugh.
"I'm just a young woman with an active [interest in my country], nothing else. I'm just a free person and I want to be free."
Breakthrough
Most of the 200 people arrested during the protests have now been freed.
Three died during the protests in suspicious circumstances.
In an apparent breakthrough, after two high-level EU visits to Chisinau this week, the EU foreign policy chief Javier Solana announced that the authorities had agreed to start a political dialogue with the opposition parties and include them, together with international experts, in a commission due to investigate the unrest.
After talks with Mr Solana, the veteran communist President Vladimir Voronin said Moldova had emerged from the political crisis. But a senior EU diplomat described it more cautiously as "a good start."
The EU envoy for Moldova, Kalman Mizsei, will work out the details in the next few days, together with officials from the Council of Europe.
EU foreign ministers will also discuss the situation in Moldova on Monday, in a flurry of diplomatic activity that shows Europe's troubled eastern border remains under close watch.
- The border points between Romania and Republic of Moldova have been closed the last night. Many Romanian and foreign journalists were not allowed to cross the border.
- The Romanian ambassador in Kishinew was declared persona non grata. The same happened with the minister counselor of the Romanian embassy. Moldova announced the introduction of the visa system for Romanian citizens. The announcement was made by president Vladimir Voronin for the Russian press agency Ria Novosti. The same Voronin in another declaration for Ria Novosti accused again Romania of involvement in the protests from Kishinew. In addition, Voronin warned that the use of force against the protesters will be took into consideration. The Romanian MoFA considered those claims are unacceptable.
- Most part of the declarations and media reports are transmitted via the Russian media, mostly the declarations of Moldovian officials.
- Children from schools and highschools in Kishinew are forbidden to leave the school compounds.
- In the central square from Kishinew around 1.000 young people are continuing the protests. The number decreased in the afternoon to 00/
- The Russian minister of Foreign Affairs, Serghei Lavrov, stated the claims for reorganization of the parliamentary elections in the Republic of Moldova are "groundless".
- Russian media: Serghei Mocanu, leader of the opposition, is under arrest.
See also:
Following the violent protests in Moldova , Eastern Europe experts at the European Council on Foreign Relations have issued the following media statements (April 7):
Andrew Wilson, senior policy fellow, says:
" Moldova 's violent 'Twitter revolution' is totally different from the peaceful protest of Ukraine 's Orange Revolution. This time the crowd are not angry at a stolen election, but at the growing corruption of the ruling Communist Party, its recent turn towards Russia and an imminent economic crisis."
Nicu Popescu, policy fellow, says:
" Moldova may be small, but the survival of its democracy matters for the whole of Europe . Javier Solana must immediately travel to Chisinau to mediate between politicians and protestors before any further blood is shed."
Read more:
Andrew Wilson has published widely on the politics of the European neighbourhood, and on previous "coloured revolutions" .
Nicu Popescu is a Moldovan, and has written extensively on the politics of his country. He holds a doctorate in International Relations from the Central European University in Budapest , Hungary , and co-wrote the Moldova chapter of Nations in Transit 2006 (Freedom House).
Wilson and Popescu are the authors of a forthcoming ECFR policy report comparing the European and Russian Neighbourhood Policies.
For press enquiries:
Andrew Wilson : E: andrew.wilson@ecfr.eu; T: +44 7920 421 066
Nicu Popescu : E: nicu.popescu@ecfr.eu; T: +44 7795 312 467
For all other press queries please send an email to press@ecfr.eu
About ECFR:
Launched in October 2007, the European Council on Foreign Relations is a pan-European think tank and advocacy group, co-chaired by Martti Ahtisaari, Joschka Fischer and Mabel van Oranje. (www.ecfr.eu)
James Clasper
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European Council on Foreign Relations
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OSCE Mission to Moldova condemns post-election violence and appeals to all sides for restraint
CHISINAU, 7 April 2009 - The Head of the OSCE's Mission to Moldova, Ambassador Philip Remler, condemned today's outbreak of violence in the Moldovan capital following Sunday's parliamentary elections and urged all political sides to do their utmost to de-escalate the situation.
"Violence is not compatible with democratic values. We strongly urge all to refrain from any violent actions, which we unreservedly condemn. We call on the authorities and all political forces to exercise restraint and to urge others to show restraint as well," he said.
Sunday's parliamentary elections were observed by a joint mission of the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and the European Parliament.
The joint mission's statement and preliminary findings can be found here: http://www.osce.org/documents/odihr/2009/04/37142_en.pdf
The OSCE Mission to Moldova will continue to monitor the protest in line with its mandate.
ODIHR is following the post-election situation according to its normal procedures.
(Gleb Garanich/Reuters)
Demonstrators hurl stones at police during the protest in Chisinau. At least 30 people were hurt
The tiny republic of Moldova erupted in violence today as anti-communist demonstrators stormed the parliament in protest at what they said were rigged elections.
Angry crowds smashed windows and threw furniture and computers from the building after overwhelming riot police in the capital Chisinau. Up to 20,000 people were said to be on the streets, many chanting "Freedom, freedom" and "Down with the communists".
At least 30 protesters and police were reported hurt in clashes. Police fired tear gas and water cannon to try to regain control as the demonstrators, many of them students, lit fires and attacked a nearby presidential administration building.
The violence came after the Communists won some 50 per cent of the vote in parliamentary elections in the former Soviet republic, where they have been in power since 2001. Under Moldova's constitution, parliament will elect a new president to succeed the Communist leader Vladimir Voronin, who is due to step down after serving the maximum two terms.
Moldova is Europe's only communist state and one of its poorest, with an average monthly salary of only $350. Thousands of its people seek work abroad to support their families, sending back $1.6 billion in remittances last year - about the same amount as the state budget.
International observers had judged the election to be fair but the Mayor of Chisinau, Dorin Chirtoaca, alleged that turnout had been inflated to cover up ballot fraud and multiple voting. Mr Chirtoaca is also deputy leader of the opposition Liberal Party.
Moldova's three main opposition parties demanded fresh elections to defuse tensions as protesters burnt communist flags and chanted "We want to join Europe" and "We are Romanians". Many were waving Romanian and European Union flags.
Two-thirds of Moldova's 3.8 million people are descended from Romanians and retain strong ties with their neighbour in the EU. The former Bessarabia was part of Romania until Josef Stalin annexed it for the Soviet Union under the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact with Hitler's Germany in World War Two.
The EU's foreign policy chief Javier Solana called on all sides to "refrain from violence and provocation" amid fears of instability on the union's eastern border. Moldova is scheduled to join the EU's new Eastern Partnership aid programme next month with five other former Soviet republics.
Russia's deputy foreign minister, Grigory Karasin, expressed concern at the violence, which he said had been provoked. He noted that observers from the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe and from former Soviet republics in the Commonwealth of Independent States had declared the election result to be fair.
The protest began yesterday with demonstrations organised by a protest group called I Am An Anti-Communist. Organisers said that they did not believe one in two Moldovans had voted for the Communists.
"The protests are justified because people did not vote for the Communists in such large numbers," Mr Chirtoaca told local television. "The elections were fraudulent, there was multiple voting...These are people who don't know what democracy is."
The only foreign leader to congratulate Moldova after Sunday's poll was Russia's President Dmitri Medvedev. He has recently sought to mediate a settlement to the "frozen conflict" between Moldova and its Russian-dominated region of Transdniestr, which declared independence in 1990.
Hundreds died in fighting between the two sides until Russian peacekeepers intervened. Transdniestr voted in a referendum in 2006 to seek to join Russia, but the international community refused to recognise the decision.
Moldova's Communist Party was strongly pro-Russian until 2005, when it abruptedly adopted a pro-European policy amid local anger at negotiations over Transdniestr that many feared would hand too much power to Moscow.
The party ran on a pledge to build a "European Moldova" in the elections, although the country remains heavily dependent on Russia for supplies of gas and other materials.
In a way, it is a similar scenario, played before in Serbia-Montenegro in the time of Milosevic, in Kucima's Ukraine, in Shevarnadze's Georgia. In all these cases you had suspicions over the organisation of the electoral process. Also, you had the same ruling parties with strong ties to organized crime and corruption, under the cover of (neo)communism. These "revolutions" made history. Part of history is as well the lack of proper elites and individuals prepared to take seriously the public duties. What will happened in the Republic of Moldova - is unknown, dued also to the trouble situation from Transdniestr. The lesson of Georgia from the last year should be revisited.
Evgeny Morosov
April 7
Cellphones and text messaging are widely believed to have played a crucial role in fostering the Orange Revolution in Ukraine (or at least, making the protests as widespread and successful as they were); the Berkman Center at Harvard published probably the most comprehensive study of the role that social media played in the Orange Revolution (even though I criticized some of its cyber-utopian assumptions in a recent essay for Boston Review).
Could it be that five years after the famous protests in Kiev's Maidan Square another technology - Twitter - will usher in another revolution in neighbouring Moldova? Will we remember the events that are now unfolding in Chisinau not by the color of the flags but by the social-networking technology used?
If you asked me about the prospects of a Twitter-driven revolution in a low-tech country like Moldova a week ago, my answer would probably be a qualified "no". Today, however, I am no longer as certain. If you bothered to check the most popular discussions on Twitter in the last 48 hours, you may have stumbled upon a weird threat of posts marked with a tag "#pman" (it's currently listed in Twitter's "Trending Topics" along with "Apple Store", Eminem, and Easter).
No, "pman" is not short for "pacman"; it stands for "Piata Marii Adunari Nationale", which is Romanian name for the biggest square in Chisinau, Moldova's capital. This is not the first time that a Twitter "tag" has been used to mobilize young people around a particular event; the most famous previous case has been that of "griots" - the tag used to report on the youth riogs in Greece, which later spread to Europe, arguably also with the help of Twitter (chech these two pieces I wrote on the subject of "networked protest" - one for The Economist and one for openDemocracy).
Ever since yesterday's announcement that Moldova's communists have won enough votes to form a government in Sunday's elections, Moldova's progressive youth took to the streets in angry protests. As behooves any political protest by young people today, they also turned to Facebook and Twitter to raise awareness about the planned protests and flashmobs. Led by youth NGOs like HydePark and ThinkMoldova, the protests began very peacefully - as a flashmob, where young people were simply supposed to hold lit candles in the vicinity of the square.
However, this morning things got out of hand - and, with or without Twitter's help, the crowd got much larger, reaching as many as 10,000 people, who first picketed Election Commission headquarters, the president’s residence (windows are reported to be broken - and there are also reports that this building has been stormed), and other government buildings before storming the building of the Moldovan Parliament, which happens to be just across the road.
Technology is playing an important role in facilitating these protests. In addition to huge mobilization eforts both on Twitter and Facebook, Moldova's angry youth - especially those who are currently abroad (roughly a quarter of Moldova's population are working abroad due to dire economic conditions back at home) - could follow the events on this livestream provided by a Romanian TV station - directly from the square.
I've just spoken to a Moldovan friend who is himself a big technology fan; according to him, there is little to none cellphone coverage in the square itself (turning off cellphone coverage in protest areas is a trick that was also used by the Belarusian authorities to diffuse 2006 protests in Minsk's central square), so protesters have to leave it to post updates to Twitter via GPRS technology on their mobiles.
The related posts on Twitter are being posted at a record-breaking rate - I've been watching the Twitter stream for the last 20 minutes - and I see almost 200 new Twitter messages marked with "pman" (virtually all of them in Romanian, with only one or two in English). In the last few hours there have also emerged several "smart" aggregators of posts on the subject, like this one - they have to contextualize what exactly is happening -- and this one for YouTube videos. Many blog posts are also being updated in real-time - minute by minute - check this one. There are also a plenty of videos on YouTube and photos, including those uploaded to Facebook.
There are also a few moving English-language Twitter posts like this - "in #pman a grenade thrown by the police has torn apart one of the protester's leg"- that would surely be perused by foreign journalists. It's hard to predict for how long this cornucopia of user-generated media would continue; my Moldovan contacts report that the authorities may have required some Moldovan ISPs to restrict Internet connection with the outside world, so the protesters might soon face difficulties in getting their reports out.
All in all, while it's probably too early to tell whether Moldova's Twitter revolution will be successful, it would certainly be wrong to disregard the role that Twitter and other social media have played in mobilize (and, even more so, reporting on) the protests. Of course, it helps that young Moldovans are sick and tired of the communist government (for a long time the only one in Europe) and there may be a few reasons to be concerned about voting irregularities but, overall, the Chisinau protests undoubtedly present an interesting case-study that I hope academic institutions like Harvard's Berkman Center and others would take on and examine in detail.
Photo: VADIM DENISOV/AFP/Getty Images
16.10 - The Internet was cut in Kishinew. The sites of the news agencies and othr media tools were not available two hours later.
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Jamestown Foundation on the prospects of Moldova-Balkans pipelineThe Presidency expresses its serious concern at the developments in the Republic of Moldova, following the 5 April parliamentary elections.
The Presidency wishes to recall that the International Election Observation Mission noted in its preliminary findings that the elections met many international standards and commitments, but that further improvements were required to ensure an electoral process free from undue administrative interference, and to increase public confidence.
The Presidency condemns the use of violence and calls for restraint on all sides. It is crucial to respect the freedom of peaceful assembly.
Facts about ex-Soviet Republic of Moldova
They made the demand after students protesting over Sunday's election victory by the ruling Communists broke into Moldova's Parliament building on Tuesday and hurled chairs, tables and papers into the street before setting them ablaze.
Following are facts about the country.
* Moldova is a former Soviet republic that declared independence on August 27, 1991.
* It has a population of about 4.5 million sandwiched between Ukraine and European Union member Romania, with whom it shares linguistic and historic heritage.
* Moldova's ruling Communists won a parliamentary election on Sunday. The Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe said the poll met many international standards, but several thousand people, mainly students and youths, took to the streets to protest against what they said were Communist violations. Some broke into the parliament building on Tuesday.
* President Vladimir Voronin is the only Communist leader in Europe and the former Soviet Union. In office since 2001, he has said he wants to stay close to power. He cannot serve a third consecutive term.
* Transdniestria, a sliver of land in the east and populated by mainly Russian speakers, broke away in 1990 and the two sides fought a brief war in 1992 after Moldova gained independence. Transdniestria, home to much of the country's industry, demands independence. Moldova is willing only to give it autonomy.
* Moldova is the poorest country in Europe. Its economy is driven by agricultural production -- its wines are famous in the region.
* Moldova is part of the EU's Eastern Partnership and European Neighbourhood Policy initiatives, but not a member of the NATO military alliance. It relies heavily on Russia for its energy resources.
charter97.com
April 7
The Czech Republic, holding the EU presidency, says the decision on inviting Alyaksandr Lukashenka to the Eastern Partnership summit will be made at the very last moment.
On April 6, Czech deputy prime minister for European affairs Alexandr Vondra said “it is important to motivate Minsk to positive steps,” Agence France-Presse reports.
“This European policy has so far produced partial results. However, we are far from saying that the situation has considerably improved," the Czech official said.
Alexandr Vondra stressed that none of the six countries is yet prepared for EU membership and that the program should "bridge the period" till membership begins.
The Czech Republic also confirmed the summit would be held in Prague on May 7. Earlier it was said that the summit might have been held in Brussels. The Eastern Partnership program is one of the primary aims of the Czech presidency, expiring on June 30.
Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine are offered closer political ties and economic integration in the frames of the new project. It doesn’t suppose membership in the European Union but offers participation in bilateral and multilateral projects.
The EU foreign ministers confirmed in March a decision on nine-month visa ban reprieve for Belarusian high ranking officials, including Alyaksandr Lukashenka, who were banned to entry Europe.
In October 2008, the EU Council of Ministers decided to suspend visa bans for Belarusian officials, imposed in 2006 in response to Belarus’s actions against the opposition. The sanctions affected Lukashenka and 41 Belarusian officials.
Sanctions against the officials, suspected by the international community of killings of opposition leaders and a journalist, namely former interior minister Uladzimir Navumau, former secretary of the Security Council Viktar Sheiman, commander of special task squad of the internal troops Dzmitry Paulichenka, and former interior minister Yury Sivakou still remain in force. Lidziya Yarmoshyna, head of the Central Election Commission, is also banned to entry the EU for rigging the election results in Belarus.
UPDATES from Kishinew
17.00 The representatives of the opposition from Kishinew are negotiating with the prime minister Zinaida Greceanu and the leaders of the Communist Party the possibility to organize new elections. The discussions are taking place in the presence of the EU and US ambassadors in the Republic of Moldova.
This round ended at 18.10 without any clear results. The Communist Party accused Romania of implication in a plot aiming to topple the current leadership.
- In the speech held two hours earlier than scheduled, Vladimir Voronin talked about a "very well planned operation" and that "they" want a" bloodshed".
- In a declaration for the Russian agency Interfax, Aleksei Ostrovski, the chief of the State Duma Commission for relationships with the CIS, referred to implications of European intelligence services and certain forces from Romania.
- The Romanian Minister of Foreign Affairs outlined it is following the position of the EU regarding the last evolutions in Kishinew.
In the afternoon, in 10 big towns from Romania, including the capital-city Bucharest they were organized several public gatherings of solidarity with the opposition in the Republic of Moldova.
Matthew Lee
The Associated Press, The Washington Post
March 23
Her videos aren't quite viral yet and she's not tweeting, but Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton is embracing new media, using the Web to promote the agency and her role as the nation's top envoy.
In less than three months, Clinton's State Department has embarked on a digital diplomacy drive aimed at spreading the word about American foreign policy and restoring Washington's image. Part of a broader Internet outreach by President Barack Obama's administration, Clinton's Web efforts already have outpaced those of her predecessors.
Since taking over at Foggy Bottom, Clinton's team has built on e-diplomacy innovations developed during George W. Bush's presidency:
_They have revamped the department's Web site (http://www.state.gov) and the Dipnote blog (http://blogs.state.govandhttp://twitter.com/dipnote) with a fresh array of features, graphics and colorful posts.
_Users can track her foreign travel on an interactive map (http://www.state.gov/secretary/trvl/map).
_They can keep up virtually with her every move through Facebook, Twitter, Flickr and YouTube (http://www.youtube.com/user/statevideo).
_They can pose questions through an "ask-the-secretary" column (http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/ask/secretary/117297.htm) that recently was revised to "text the secretary." (http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/ask/secretary/120236.htm)
"New media is critical in this new era of diplomacy, where smart power and expanded dialogues are essential to achieving our foreign policy goals," said Cheryl Mills, Clinton's longtime confidante and chief of staff.
Even for a government Web site, early indications show a surge in interest, according to internal State Department statistics provided to The Associated Press.
Daily views of the Dipnote have doubled from 10,000 a year ago to 20,000 today, with 700 subscribers to its RSS feed, twice as many as in March 2008. The number of followers of the department on Twitter has tripled since Jan. 20, when Obama took office, while the department's Facebook friends have increased by 2 1/2 times in the same period.
"What they are bringing in is more willingness to experiment," said Peter Daou, who was Clinton's Web guru during her 2008 presidential run. "They are starting to push the envelope."
What remains unclear, though, is whether the spike in interest reflects the revamped Web site or the public's fascination with Clinton's latest career shift.
"The personality behind it can't be dismissed," said Daou, who now blogs on human rights and other issues for U.N. Dispatch (http://www.undispatch.com).
Like Obama, Clinton carries a Blackberry, but she is not allowed to use it on the department's secure seventh floor where her office is. Aides say she takes an active role in answering questions from the Web, responding to bloggers and pushing her agency's new media agenda.
"The United States Government is behind nearly everybody, except in certain discrete areas, in terms of technology," she told department employees at a town hall meeting in February. "We are, in my view, wasting time, wasting money, wasting opportunities, because we are not prepared to communicate effectively with what is out there in the business world and the private world."
Clinton was quick to embrace new media at the start of her presidential campaign. She announced her entry into the race in February 2007 on the Web and followed with regular Internet chats and Internet fundraising appeals.
Nonetheless, Clinton was surpassed by the Obama campaign's mastery of the Internet and social networking sites. Obama used the Web to raise record donations and identify and orchestrate an army of volunteers.
Clinton was first lady when the first White House Web site debuted in 1994. It was a bare-bones operation compared with what is available now. Three years later, the State Department went online during Secretary of State Madeleine Albright's tenure.
But it wasn't until 2007, under Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice's spokesman, Sean McCormack, that the department's public affairs shop began exploring new media in earnest. McCormack started the Dipnote blog, which some foreign service veterans predicted would fail, given the private and stuffy nature of diplomacy.
The site endured under Rice. Clinton has retooled Dipnote with a Twitter feed and a broader range of posts from diplomats.
It's more than just window dressing. This past week, diplomats used Twitter to "tweet" down false rumors they feared might lead to a siege on the U.S. Embassy in Madagascar.
On her first two foreign trips, to Asia and then the Middle East and Europe, local bloggers were "embedded" with the traveling press corps, broadening the audience for Clinton's official meetings and public appearances, which often produce more personal than policy questions.
On her question site, Clinton has responded to a varied questions, from "Should the U.S. engage in direct dialogue with Hamas?" to "How did you like meeting the Japanese students?"
By the end of Clinton's trip to the Mideast, her "text the secretary" feature had received nearly 2,000 text messages. On both trips, Clinton also participated in Webcasts. One in Beijing on climate change generated more than 10.2 million page views, more than 50,000 comments and 7,000 questions, according to the statistics.
Clinton's staff say they plan to venture further into the realm of social networking, an animated online world called Second Life, and cell phone technology. The department hopes to follow through on a Bush administration organized project that brought together Facebook, Google, Howcast, YouTube, AT&T, MTV, Columbia Law School, Access360Media and Gen-Next for an Alliance of Youth Movements summit.
It also wants to expand on X-Life, a mobile phone game launched in February that is aimed at helping youth in the Middle East learn English and teaching them about American history, culture and values.
